CLASS-1
IN THIS CHAPTER…..
- After study three domestic challenges, Now we will study about external challenges :
- shaping – Foreign relation
- conflict with neighbors – Pak, China.
- Relationship between the external and the internal politics by focusing on:
- The international context that shaped India’s external relations; because politics of any country shaped by and also had impact in wars, and the external relations.
- The operational principles that informed the country’s foreign policy;
- The India’s relations with china and Pakistan; and
- The evolution of India’s history of nuclear policy.
- THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT THAT SHAPED INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS;
- When India was fighting for independence, World facing world war and when India got independence, World was grappling with issues of reconstruction (For it & peace UN was underway).
- Colonialism going to collapse so new countries were emerging who have challenges of: (i) welfare and (ii)
- Similarly India also had. But another concerns also (international disputes left by British Govt., poverty alleviation) reflected while India maintain foreign relations.
- India decided to conduct its foreign relations with – Art. 51 (b):
- Noble ideals that inspired India’s struggle for freedom.
- An aim to respect the sovereignty of all other nations. (Reflected in DPSP)
- Achieve security through the maintenance of peace.
- India pursued the dream of a peaceful world – Art. 51 (a):
- By contributing human resources to the UN peacekeeping operations.
- Advocating the policy of NAM.
- By reducing Cold War tensions.
Both domestic and international environment influence the foreign policy of a nation
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES GOALS FOR MAINTAINING FOREIGN POLICY:
- modest goals like; peace and development in neighborhood. Because they had lack the required resources to effectively advocate their concerns in the international system.
- their economic and security dependence on the more powerful states occasionally influences their foreign policy.
- So after 2nd World War: Many of these countries chose to support the foreign policy preferences of the powerful countries who were giving them aid or credits. So world divided in two camps.
Developed countries goals for maintaining foreign policy: Attract LDC’s in power blocks, utilize resources, Ideological supremacy etc.
BUT INDIA FOLLOWED THE POLICY OF NAM:
- Indian national movement was against colonialism and imperialism.
- nationalist leaders of India had relations with oversees Indians and leaders of other colonized countries.
- India’s leadership had to pursue its national interests within the prevailing international context (political, economic, and military confrontation; UN establishment, creation of nuclear weapons, emergence of Communist China, decolonization etc.)