CLASS-4
SUPPORTERS OF PUBLIC SECTOR
They argued that restrictions on foreign imports denied the opportunities of Indian firms to compete with multinational companies.
No provision of incentives to the Indian companies.
Inefficiency and corruption in public sector.
State is inactive in public education and Health Care.
SUPPORTERS OF PRIVATE SECTOR
The Private sector was not given enough space to grow.
There were many hurdles like licenses and permits.
- Land Reforms: four components:
- ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM:
- Most significant and successful.
- Through this, released land from the clutches of a class who had less interest in agriculture.
- reduced the capacity of the landlords to dominate politics
- CONSOLIDATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND:
- Also fairly successful.
Bringing small pieces of land together so that the farm size could become viable for agriculture.
- CEILING ON LAND.
- Fixed the upper limit or ‘ceiling’ to how much agricultural land one person could own.
- Less successful.
- PROTECTION OF TENANTS
- Given greater legal security against eviction.
- Less successful.
- Land reforms couldn’t take place effectively in most parts of the country; because:
- landowners were very powerful and wielded considerable political influence.
- Political power remained in the hands of the landowning classes;
- THIS SHOWS:
- economic policy is part of the actual political situation in the society.
- in spite of good wishes of some top leaders, the dominant social groups would always effectively control policy making and implementation.
Negative Outcomes
- Food Shortage
- famine and malnutrition.
- The landowners wielded much political power.
- Poverty did not decline
THE GREEN REVOLUTION
- In 1960s, the govt of India adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to ensure food sufficiency .
- The govt offered high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation at highly subsidised prices.
- The govt also gave a guarantee to buy the products of the farmers at a given price.
- Father of Green Revolution – Norman Ernest Borlaug.
- Father of Indian Green Revolution – Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan
Criticism
- Rich Peasants were the beneficiaries.
- Concentrated in Wheat production.
- Focused on Punjab, Haryana and Western UP only.
- Rise of Middle Peasanty.
- The rift between poor peasants and the landlords.
The White Revolution
- Varghese kurian, Milk Man of India, Played a crucial role in the history of Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation based in Anand, a town in Gujarat.
- It was a dairy Co-operative Movement.
- It gave a unique pattern for rural development and Poverty alleviation.
- Amul pattern is known as white Revolution. Operation Flood in 1970
Its aims were:
- To increase milk production
- To eliminate middlemen
- To assure the producers a regular income and employment
Later Developments
- Restrictions on private sector after 1960s.
- Nationalization of 14 Private banks.
- Pro-poor programs were announced.
- Stress on Socialist Pattern.
- Introduction of New Economic policy in 1991 Such as Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalization.
The NITI Aayog
- It means National institution for transforming India.
- The NDA govt decided to abolish the Planning Commission and to introduce a new institution called NITI Aayog.
- It officially came into existence on 1st January 2015, replacing the 65 year old Planning Commission.
- The PM is the chairperson of the NITI Aayog.
- Its governing body includes leaders of India’s 29 States and all 8 Uts
Planning
It is away of organizing and utilizing resources to maximum advantage in terms of defined social ends.
- Visvesuaraya is called as the father of Indian planning.
His famous book is ” Planned economy for India”.
Importance/ Objectives of planning
- It helps in the proper utilization of economic resources.
- It helps in the attainment of a fixed goal in a definite time period.
- Planning helps for the fulfillment the basic needs of the Society.
- It helps in the removal of various social problem like illiteracy, poverty, backwardness etc… for Social development.