class-2
For 3rd largest economy:
- Ecosystems force us to think differently, and achieving this milestone will have ramifications all across the country.
- need a knowledge society based on a robust education system
- INDIA AS A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY:
- HUMAN CAPITAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
- Sound similar but distinction:
STATE OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION IN INDIA
- Due to federal country; Constitution mentions the functions to be carried out by each level of government.
- Expenditures on edu, health, …by three tiers of the government
- Due to federal country; expenditure for capital formation (edu, health) by 3 tier of gov. as given in schedule 7.
- Analyses of education sector:
- Why gov. intervention is essential in Edu. + H services?
- Expenditures on edu. & health make substantial long-term impact & can’t easily reversed.
- Child admission in unproper served school, hospital; before shifting to well served, substantial damage done.
- individual consumers don’t have proper info. Regards quality, cost, etc; Providers of services can monopoly, exploitation.
- ensures- standards, correct price.
- Why, both private & Public institutions exists in Edu + H services?
- Both services (E,H) create private & social benefits.
- who takes care of education and health in India?
- For Education:
- ministries of education (Union, State)
- departments of education and various organisations; NCERT, UGC, AICTE,
For Health:
- ministries of health (Union, State)
- departments of health and various organisations; NMC, ICMR
- Most of India’s population cannot afford; super specialty health, higher education.
- Now right of the citizens; So govt. provide education and health services-Free.
- To achieve 100% literacy & more educational attainment.
- EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA
Growth in Government Expenditure on Education: in two ways:
- as a % of ‘total government expenditure’:
- indicates; importance, compare to other sectors.
- During 1952-2014; from 7.92 to 15.7.
- as a percentage of ‘GDP’: indicates;
- how much of people’s income is being committed to education.
- During 1952-2014; from 0.64 to 4.13. but after 2014- declined.
- Also private expenditure by; individuals, philanthropic institutions.
- Least Share in total education expenditure:
- For Elementary education:
- For higher/tertiary education:
- Though less on tertiary education but its more than elementary.
- Need of increase expenditure on all levels of education.
- Situation of per capita public expenditure on elementary education; differ:
- In 2014-15;
- Highest: HP; Rs 34,651
- Lowest: Bihar: Rs 4088
- That’s why: differences in educational opportunities and attainments across states.
- various commissions recommended for desired expenditure:
- Education Commission (1964–66): At least 6% of GDP; for noticeable growth; Presently 4 % is quite inadequate.
- Tapas Majumdar Committee (1999); To Expend 1.37 lakh crore over 10 years (1998-99 to 2006-07) to bring all 6-14 Children under the purview of school education.
For this:
- In 2009; Art. 21 A;
- levying a 2 % ‘education cess’ on all Union taxes; spend on elementary education.
- Government does promotion of higher education, loan schemes etc.
Educational Achievements in India:
Indicated in terms of:
- Adult literacy level,
- Primary education completion rate
- youth literacy rate.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
- Education for All — Still a Distant Dream:
- literacy rate (adults+youth) increased; absolute illiterates > population while independent.
- In DPSP: Govt. should do provision of free & compulsory education for upto 14 year, within 10 years (1960) but we could so, can achieved 100% literacy by now.
- Gender Equity — Better than Before:
- Differences in literacy rates b/w males and females are narrowing; signify – positive development in gender equity.
- Scop: need to promote education for women to improve: economic independence, social status, fertility rate and health care of women and children.
- Higher Education — a Few Takers:
- Education pyramid is: steep, indicates; less people reaches the higher education.
- Unemployment level among educated (UG,PG) youth is highest; NSSO report 2011:
- Rural areas: 19 %; most severely affected; females: 30 %
- Urban areas: 16 %.
- Unemployment level among primary level educated
- Only 3-6 % in rural and urban.
- Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18; indicated – situation is yet to improve.
- CONCLUSION: Spread of education and health services across different sectors of society should be ensured so as to simultaneously attain economic growth and equity
- India has a rich stock of scientific and technical manpower in the world. The need of the hour is to better it qualitatively and provide such conditions so that they are utilised in India.